Today at the Bab-el-Mandeb straits, the Red Sea is about 12 miles (20 kilometres) wide, but 50,000 years ago it was much narrower and sea levels were 70 meters lower. The inhabitants, whose main local currency was cowrie shells, traded with the peoples of the Persian Gulf and, by the early 11th century, had first come under Muslim influence. A much more vigorous resistance was offered by the Moors of Mombasa. The main ethnic groups of Eritrea, the Tigray and the Tigre, are speakers of Semitic languages. This warm water current runs south along the east coast of southern Africa from ~25S to 40S, and is the Western Boundary Current of the South Indian Ocean. 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The islands of Primeiras and Segundas off the coast of Mozambique are a major nesting site for several marine turtle species. We work with famers to improve soil fertility, resulting in greater yield on less land. With its original speech community centered on the coastal parts of Tanzania (particularly Zanzibar) and Kenyaa seaboard referred to as the Swahili Coastthe Bantu Swahili language contains many Arabic loan-words as a consequence of these interactions. Here the situation differed somewhat from that in the north, and, though tortoiseshell and rhinoceros horn were exported from thereas were quantities of ivory and coconut oilno mention is made of slaves. In 2011 with WWFs support, the government of Mozambique officially created the Lake Niassa Reserve. Safaris, discussions & donations that make a real difference in Africa. "The Egypto-Graeco-Romans and Paanchea/Azania: sailing in the Erythraean Sea." It was last seen in British general knowledge crossword. Because of offshore islands, better landing places, and wetter climate, Arab traders from about 700 seem to have preferred the East African coast to the south of modern Somalia. Burundi, Rwanda, and Uganda have each faced instability and ethnic conflict since independence, most notably the 1994 Rwandan genocide and the 1993 Burundi genocide and subsequent Burundian Civil War. We also introduced a new program of raising goats and offered improved husbandry techniques to reduce the animals impact on vegetation and crops. Because of their early dating and unique physical characteristics idaltu and kibish represent the immediate ancestors of anatomically modern humans as suggested by the Out-of-Africa theory. Africa has a huge range of coastline which borders not only two oceans, but two seas as well. This warm current is also pushed westward by the cold Canary current. Portuguese naval vessels were very disruptive to the commerce of Portugal's enemies within the western Indian Ocean and were able to demand high tariffs on items transported through the sea due to their strategic control of ports and shipping lanes. [46] It existed from approximately 100940 CE, growing from the proto-Aksumite Iron Age period c. 4th century BCE to achieve prominence by the 1st century CE. The earliest written accounts of the East African coast occur in the Periplus Maris Erythraeiapparently written by a Greek merchant living in Egypt in the second half of the 1st century ceand in Ptolemys Guide to Geography, the East African section of which, in its extant form, probably represents a compilation of geographic knowledge available at Byzantium about 400. Home to some of the most spectacular and treasured life, the oceans and seas surrounding Africa contain a multitude of creatures that thrive in the warm and cold currents that run along our continent. Nilotic languages, such as Luo, Kalenjin, Maasai and Nuer, are spoken in lesser numbers, primarily in the African Great Lakes and Nile Valley. It's more than 41 million square miles, the second . My modest aim in this paper is to turn a similar spotlight on the East African coast, to re-examine the little-known set of oral histories that includes those . We also provide tools to reduce conflict with wildlife. Temperatures in East Africa, except on the hot and generally humid coastal belt, are moderate, with maxima of around 25 C (77 F) and minima of 15 C (59 F) at an altitude of 1,500 . We also work towards MSC certification for the deep water shrimp fishery in Mozambique. Swahili, with at least 80million speakers[citation needed] as a first or second language, is an important trade language in the Great Lakes area. It spans two oceans as it winds its way down the Atlantic seaboard in the west and up into the warmer Indian Ocean waters to the east. The Dragonfly Sea (2019) by Kenyan author Yvonne Owuor follows the story of a protagonist named Ayaana on the island of Pate. Rising demand and weak enforcement have led to a higher incidence of elephant poaching and increasing ivory markets. Greek and Roman coins have been found, and there are some accounts of overseas migrations to the coast. ceo@africageographic.com, Travel & conservation company, since 1991, , Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 3, Photographer of the Year 2023 Weekly Selection: Week 2. Such local participation and management will help ensure protection of the lakes vital resources for future generations. A close up of a giant sea clam in Sodwana Bay, South Africa Peet J. van Eeden (Photographer of the Year 2017 Top 101), Giant sea clams typically occur on the east coast of Africa in clear water of less than 10 metres. Apparently established in the 9th century, it is distinguished for its seawalls of coral blocks, each of which weighs up to a ton. Mozambique is institutinga five-year strategy that makes the sustainable management of natural resources and the environment a priority, and to the creation of a program that will focus on protecting the countrys natural capital. The Indian ocean lies to the east of Africa, Wiki User. Speakers of Nilo-Saharan languages populate Uganda and the rift valley portions of Kenya and Tanzania, while speakers of Bantu languages constitute much of the remainder of these countries population. Click the image for a larger view. 2425. Elephants, rhinos, lions, wild dogs, and more iconic species roam the landscape. Turn-of-the-century maritime photographs, dhows off the east African coast Monsoon Dhows Sailors have harnessed the Indian Ocean's monsoon winds for at least two millennia. The east coast of Africa experiences seasonally alternating 'trade' winds which have enabled sailing dhows to travel up and down the coast, fostering the movement of people and goods between the countries of Arabia, the Western Indian Ocean and East Africa for many centuries. By the late nineteenth century, the slave trade on the open seas had been completely outlawed by the British and the Omani Arabs had little ability to resist the British navy's ability to enforce the directive. The South African coastline is 3200 km from Oranjemund on the west coast to the Mozambique border at Ponta do Oura on the east coast. This is . Unusually, most of the rain falls in two distinct wet seasons, one centred on April and the other in October or November. Just off the coast of Kenya, it's a peaceful island, free of cars and surrounded by the Indian Ocean. The subregion stretches from Eritrea in the north to Mozambique in the south. Kilwa, Pate, and Mogadishu also developed a local textile industry while Kilwa and Mogadishu extracted copper from nearby mines. WMAs create opportunities for wildlife tourism, which directly benefits local communities through jobs and revenue. It imported large quantities of Islamic pottery and, in the 9th and 10th centuries, Chinese porcelain. East Africa is the part of Africa around and east of the Great Rift Valley, a land feature stretching from the Red Sea in the north, the Guardafui Channel in the east, and the Mozambique Channel in the southeast. It is lined with coral reefs, majestic islands, and, under the surface, animals bigger than any of the "Big Five", and none of them are in game parks! Physical Geography. In the high mountains rainfall can be over 2,500mm (98in). External trade was increasing: glass beads were being imported from India, and porcelains, transshipped either in India or in the Persian Gulf, were arriving from China. Along the beaches and within coral reefs and seagrass beds, five species of marine turtles nest and feed: green turtle, hawksbill, olive ridley, loggerhead and leatherback. The Eastern, or Great, Rift Valley extends from the Red Seas junction with the Gulf of Aden southward across the highlands of Ethiopia and Kenya and continues on into Tanzania. Here are the possible solutions for "Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean" clue. The largest numbers of Nilo-Saharan speakers belong to the Luo, Lango, Kalenjin, Maasai, and Karimojong peoples, while the principal Bantu-speaking ethnic groups are the Kikuyu, Chaga, and Kamba. Generally the Eastern Hemisphere includes most of Africa, about half of Antarctica, all of Asia and Australia/Oceania, and most of Europe. Rwanda and Uganda continue to be involved in related conflicts outside the region. Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. By 2050, there could be more plastic than fish in the seas by weight, according to one estimate. All rights reserved. 1. Workers pulling onions by the Mbarali River, Tanzania. [45] The ancient Puntites were a nation of people that had close relations with Pharaonic Egypt during the times of Pharaoh Sahure and Queen Hatshepsut. On an average, the north equatorial warm current flows from east to west but this saline current is deflected northward when it crosses the mid-Atlantic Ridge near 15N latitude. The three main colors of the African country were beige, red, and blue. The latter also spread Islam to the coastal belt, but most Bantu remained African Traditional Religion adherents. Author: George McCall Theal Source: Wikimedia Commons License: Public Domain WWF works to sustain the natural world for the benefit of people and wildlife, collaborating with partners from local to global levels in nearly 100 countries. History buffs should spend some time in Lamu Town, which is full of old Swahili architecture, with buildings made of mangrove timber and coral stone, and huge, carved wooden doors. Most of the smaller islands are independent nations, or associated with France, and known as luxury beach resorts . For all its richness, the region also has some of the highest rates of people living below the poverty line on the planet. A new period opened, it seems, in the 9th century. So vast that it's not known as the 'East Coast', the way the West Coast is known as the 'West Coast' - probably because the Eastern Cape makes up such a large portion of it, leading to confusion. The grasslands of Tanzania and Kenya are renowned for their wildlife, in particular large migratory herds of ungulates (e.g., gnus, zebras, and gazelles) and predators (lions, hyenas, and leopards). We also work with local communities in Mozambique and Kenya to reduce turtle harvesting and local trade. Italy gained control of various parts of Somalia in the 1880s. . 100 km wide), swift (up to 3 m/s) and deep (2 km). The Arabs reclaimed much of the Indian Ocean trade, forcing the Portuguese to retreat south where they remained in Portuguese East Africa (Mozambique) as sole rulers until the 1975 independence of Mozambique. Today's crossword puzzle clue is a general knowledge one: Republic in East Africa, on the Indian Ocean. Eastern Africa had an estimated population of 260 million in 2000. The southern three-fourths of Somalia became an Italian protectorate (Italian Somaliland). Though the majority of its houses were of wattle and daub, there were also some of stone. In the United Nations Statistics Division scheme of geographic regions, 10-11-(16*) territories make up Eastern Africa:[1]. [49], After their movements from their original homeland in West Africa, Bantus also encountered in central east Africa peoples of Cushitic origin. At this stage, the Portuguese presence in East Africa served the purposes of controlling trade within the Indian Ocean and securing the sea routes linking Europe to Asia. WWF encourages the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in shrimp trawlers, which allow marine turtles to escape from nets. 1969. Location: Africa The construction of Fort Jesus in Mombasa in 1593 was meant to solidify Portuguese hegemony in the region, but their influence was clipped by the British, Dutch and Omani Arab incursions into the Great Lakes region during the 17th century. In the Horn of Africa and Nile Valley, Afroasiatic languages predominate, including languages of the family's Cushitic (such as Beja, Oromo and Somali), Semitic (such as Amharic, Arabic and Tigrinya), and Omotic (such as Wolaytta) branches. In Mozambique, WWF helped initiate a new law that makes TEDs mandatory in the countrys shrimp trawl fleet. WWF strives to ensure that local people benefit from economic opportunities that come with new tourism enterprises. Let's work together to safeguard these globally important reefs for the benefit of communities, the marine ecosystem, the nations of Kenya . Outside of protected areas, WWF supports joint antipoaching efforts, involving police, military and park service staff. Area 1,420,236 square miles (3,678,394 square km). "The Early Iron Age on Mafia Island and its relationship with the mainland." We collaborate with authorities on a comprehensive investigation of illegal practices in an effort to create new policies and standards that mandate sustainable forest management and trade. Linguistic evidence also indicates that Bantus most likely borrowed the custom of milking cattle directly from Cushitic peoples in the area. Drink. Between the 19th and 20th century, East Africa became a theatre of competition between the major imperialistic European nations of the time. 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