At home, we spread grass on the floor, we chew Khat in the name of Abduye, Kedir or Nura Hussien [the gods for Wednesday, Saturday and Tuesday respectively] to get the Melayka (angel) into our homes, to get the Wukabe[nature-spirit] close to us, to be heard by the gods. and imbalance amongfour vital "humors within us. 4th ed. 12. If God wants you to live healthy, then you live healthy [Female, Study Community # 1]. The results of this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who identified as individual from Tehuledere community. The views presented in the article are of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the funding organization. We will also share examples on how these common beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness and its implications in our genetic counseling profession. A historical overview of traditional medicine practices and policy in Ethiopia. In our tradition people believe in qolle spirits (the spirit of individuals) is a guardian from illness and cause of illness. State Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over $180,000 (150,000) each. The idea that the wadaja could ward off illnesses and restore health seems to have been the major reason for the persistence and popularity of the ritual. J Hum Lact. Culturally-based attitudes about seeking treatment and trusting traditional medicines and folk remedies are rooted in core belief systems about illness causation, i.e., naturalistic, Ayurvedic, biomedical, etc. Mexican cultural beliefs and breastfeeding: a model for assessment and intervention. He died from Parkinson's disease in 2014, aged 85. . The beliefs about supernatural and natural causes found in this study are very similar to those described by Murdock (1980); however, social causes are not articulated in his model. Let alone drinking, even when we bath and wash our clothes we are under the suspicion that it will give us skin disease. Int J Environ Res Public Health. Chelle is represented by colorful small beads. Nature spirit- in Tehuledere, is the belief in qolle or quteb, wodaja, mewokel and chele spirits that is, venerating certain natural objects as sacred and the abode of spirits. The focus groups lasted 1.52 h and were moderated by MHK, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods. Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Bookshelf Epub 2022 Jan 25. Accordingly, people used to please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils. Health education and care solutions found to be effective in one system may not work as well in other settings [32]; however, some of the lessons learned from this study may be applicable to other cultural contexts with similar beliefs. Thousand Oaks: Sage; 2007. WHO. Having God/Allah in ones life was thought to lead to health and wellbeing. PubMed Full Text: PDF. Focus groups and interviews continued until the data in the key emerging themes were saturated (i.e., key points were repeated and no significant new information was emerging) [16, 17]. Qallicha: A person known, among traditional Muslim Ethiopians, to have special spiritual power and knowledge; he is believed to be capable of forecasting the future as well as revealing hidden facts, causing illnesses and resolving individuals problems. Mesfin H. Kahissay. In the early past, the disease was thought mainly due to either the curse of god or due to the evil force of the demons. 125"128. We found that the causes of ill-health were constructed and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the study communities. Data obtained from our study indicated that the role of social prohibitions and the consequences of their violation were a key factor causing health problems in Tehuledere. Qualitative content analysis was used. Health is primarily that state in which these constituent substances are in the correct proportion to each other, both in strength and quantity, and are well mixed. A deeper understanding of the communitys ill-health beliefs is needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. American journal of public health (New York, N.Y. : 1912),11(10), 908912. In total, 96 people participated in focus groups. It is not publicly known how much CIA staff who have . Various social, cultural, and religious norms produce and reinforce gender inequality and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence. Sociobiology Theory of Cultural Analysis. Careers. A valuable and interesting world survey of aboriginal theories of disease causation has been made by Clements.1 The types and distributions of ithe theories which he pre-sents embrace well the main methods of interpreting disease in simpler societies; yet the basic analysis of disease causation concepts which he employs needs a little further Firstly, the organic or physical cause of the sickness has to be established by careful examination and questioning by the medicine man. Named for the village of Nok, site of some of the finds, the ancient culture produced fine terra-cotta figurines, which were accidentally discovered by tin miners on the Jos Plateau in the 1930s. Study participants were adults over 30years of age identified by health extension workers in the area to be knowledgeable about local health traditions who were willing to participate in a conversation about their health. These discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the century marked a turning point in our aetiological concepts. Disease is an important entity in healthcare. Epidemiological characterisation of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) from c Major flaws in Animal Disease Control Leading to Partial Success or Failure.pptx, Animal Disease Control Programs in India.ppt, Control and Eradication of Animal diseases.pptx, Vaccines in India- Problems and solutions.pptx, Conventional and non conventional antibiotic alternatives. %PDF-1.6 % According to Fracastoro, germs spread through populations, making many people sick . Reading: Gordon and Breach Science; 1992. The investigators consulted the Woreda health extension workers (primary health care practitioners) on the selection of study communities. 2022 Oct 14;19(20):13217. doi: 10.3390/ijerph192013217. These small organisms, too small to see without magnification, invade humans, other animals, and other living hosts. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits (e.g., qolle or quteb) was observed to be common in the study population. Fracastoro's contagion theory of disease (1546) Germ theory: Louis Pasteur , Lister and others introduced the germ theory in 1878. Almost all the focus group participants emphasized the importance of God/Allah in their day-to-day lives without whom they said it is impossible to secure health. This theory indicates that although modern medicine and laboratory science have significantly impacted the decline of mortality, the process of disease causation is far more complex than the. The outlook regarding disease causation has changed considerably with time and advancements in science. Disease etiologies in non-western medical systems. Yehya NA, Dutta MJ. The people in this area are members of the Amhara ethnic group and are largely Muslims. Syracuse: Foreign and comparative studies, Syracuse University; 1980. p. 17. Bareilly, UP, India. doi:10.2105/ajph.11.10.908. More than half (n=53) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and write Amharic. government site. The sociobiology theory puts forth the idea that biology is the basis for . Correlated with personalistic etiologies are the belief that all misfortune, disease included, is explained in the same way; illness, religion, and Cite this article. [Female, Study Community # 3]. . Germ theory was the third disease causation theory with a characteristic marking of the onset of infectious diseases conquest. 1988 Dec;4(4):160-3. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409. In my village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones. Witchcraft Beliefs In Diseases Causation And Health - Seeking Behaviour In Pregnancy Of Women In Calabar South - Nigeria. The remaining 3% of the population live in the malaria free highlands. The capital of the Woreda, Haik, is situated 430 kms away from Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia. Consequently for many indigenous people, attempts to restore wellbeing through the utilization of biomedicine must include customary affirmation of the nature-spirit intercession as a feature of the recuperation process. Cultural norms function to support the fluid operation of society, and cultural values guide people in making choices. A Descriptive and Phenomenological Exploration of the Spiritual Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer. Acute and Chronic Malnutrition. Durowaye M, Adeboye M, Yahaya-Kongoila S, Adaje A, et al. Predictors of indigenous healer use among Samoans. A settled man lives in peace and prevents himself from syphilis and gonorrhoea. For example, Wadaja, a communal prayer ceremony, is a common rite practiced in Tehuluedere. Murdock G. Theory of illness. For example, the qallicha So if there is no peace at home, there will be no health [Female, Study Community # 4]. IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science. It held that diseases such ascholera,chlamydia infection, or theBlack Deathwere caused by amiasma, a noxious form of bad air emanating from rotting organic matter. Respecting autonomous decision making among Filipinos: a re-emphasis in genetic counseling. I saw it happen as a child. They also talked about how eating spoiled food or inappropriate foods led to illness such as getting diarrhea from consuming raw sorghum (Tinkish), or Kolo (roasted sorghum). An example cited in most of the focus groups was that of disrespecting elders, Abegar or Sheikh and a link to how that causes illnesses: If people anger the Abegar or sheik, they get hurt by the ones they offended. 4. 0 Winkelman M. Culture and health: applying medical anthropology. Several theories were advanced from time to time to explain disease causation such as the supernatural theory of disease, the theory of humors by Greeks and Indians, the theory of contagion, the miasmatic theory which attributed disease to noxious air and vapours, the theory of spontaneous generation, etc. Miller addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African literature without colonizing that discourse. All seek to elucidate principles capable of explaining social inequalities in health, and all represent what I would term theories of disease distribution,24which presume but cannot be reduced to mechanism-oriented theories of disease causation. Similar to other cultural groups in developing countries around the world [11], many of the Tehuledere people attribute illness to the wrath of supernatural forces. 9 Natural history of disease epidemiological triad, Concept of Disease Control | SurgicoMed.com, 2. unit no iii dynamic of disease, Community Health Nursing, Concept of disease. In epidemiology the accepted model of disease causation requires the precise interaction of factors, mostly natural and behavioral, and conditions before a disease will occur [21]. Federal Ministry of Health. 2015 Apr;24(2):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y. Of the 54 accidental deaths, 31 (57%) were caused by RTAs. 2011; 26 (4):275-278. doi: 10.5001 . Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Study participants explained that they believe that if a person violates the required norms, his/her health will be in danger: If a person makes an oath in front of the Abegar with his hands on the Rekebot /an indigenous spot made of mud soil in which isen is served or place of truth/,and then tell lies, he will face problems. 93 0 obj <>stream Published 1 October 1921. hbbd```b`` (0 (d9 lz`&&$ D&2$#dB@@lHDIe7sL@o30"? Most participants were Muslims (n=92) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians. Ali A. Enjoy access to millions of ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more from Scribd. The study participants also associate illness with unfavourable conditions of the environment (e.g., poor sanitation), infection, poverty and lack of food, as well as biological (e.g., aging, genetics) and psychological causes such as stress and worry. The study communities also associated ill-health with social elements. Additionally, the authors thank Mr. Teshager Shiferaw for his help in data collection and early coding. 2022 Apr;13(2):183-191. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2. NCI CPTC Antibody Characterization Program. Homosexual Mathematician Who Rescued the World Still Died In Disgrace: The Br Configuration of audiogram_de6f98ffd3d657e86d774387bbfaf319.pdf, Science-What-do-plants-need-to-grow-PowerPoint.pptx, Associative_Memory_Neural_Networks_pptx.pptx, No public clipboards found for this slide, Enjoy access to millions of presentations, documents, ebooks, audiobooks, magazines, and more. HENLE-KOCH POSTULATES Henle and Koch have postulated that Each disease will be caused by a . Theory of web of causation was given by Mc Mohan and Pugh. This study aimed to explore the socio-cultural context of indigenous beliefs regarding ill-health among five Tehuledere communities found in the Amhara Regional State of Ethiopia. The researcher was also able to make substantial observations of local activities such as rituals, festivities, public gatherings involving health practices, and converse informally with community members. Two analysts (MHK and another Amharic speaking team member, TS) immersed themselves in the data by reading and open coding the transcripts independently and developing preliminary codes. Pain occurs when one of the substances presents either a deficiency or an excess, or is separated in the body and not mixed with others. The follow-up interviews provided an opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the focus groups. The SlideShare family just got bigger. This finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes an additional element to Murdocks ill-health theoretical model. Health effects of social isolation, loneliness. Epidemiology(Fifth edition.). Just health inequality in illness, care and prevention. Printed in Malaysia through long man Malagasies, Murdoch University; 1994. Looks like youve clipped this slide to already. The ascription of misfortunes to natural objects pervaded by spirits seems to have been prevalent where by sicknesses, epidemic or contagious diseases and even death were explained in terms of punishment by enraged spirits. Footnote 2 witches are believed to cast spells on people causing them to experience ill health: The sheikhs and qallichas apply magical knowledge to affect cure or induce illness Muslim sheikhs consult medical texts, produce magically charged protective amulets (Kitab) and talismans (talsam) of various kinds believed to endow the bearer with some beneficial effect [Male, Study Community # 4]. The site is secure. Not everyone finds it easy to do the exercise recommended by the NHS - two out of three people say they do less than 150 mins (2.5 hours) of moderate exercise and fewer than one in 10 manage more . Pre-modern era theories of Disease causation: Religions often attributed disease outbreaks or other misfortunes to divine retribution - punishment for mankind's sins. In-depth understanding of disease causation aids in planning prevention and steps to tackle the disease in a population. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help Bishaw M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation. Google Scholar. For example, there are beliefs that health problems and/or an illness or death will occur if one gives false witness in front of Jamea (a group of community opinion leaders, usually Muslim clergy). The provision of culturally competent health care is an important professional issue recognized by the pioneer genetic counselors in the Philippines. For the followers of indigenous faith, ones health status is not balanced without the nature-spirit connection. Int Orthop. 2023 The Biology Notes. These two ideas were fully appreciated . Germ theory emerged in the 19th Century, but it built on two notions that had earlier incarnations. Sanders Thompson VL, Johnson-Jennings M, Baumann AA, Proctor E. Use of culturally focused theoretical frameworks for adapting diabetes prevention programs: a qualitative review. There are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria. Why Covid lab-leak theory is so disputed. This paper therefore is aimed at examining the causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in nigeria. In 1877, Robert Koch (1843-1910) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria. The emphasis on culture in our genetic counseling training recognizes its crucial role in molding an individual's conceptualization of health, as well as other life aspects, especially since the Filipino culture is a mixture of indigenous as well as imported and borrowed elements. All authors read and affirmed the final version of the manuscript. Thegerm theory of diseaseis the currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases. Dr. Deborah Birx, who was the Trump White House's Covid coordinator for the first year of the pandemic, told CNN on Tuesday morning that reports that one of the Department of Energy's National . As part of this endeavor, we will describe in this paper seven common Filipino cultural beliefs: namamana, lihi, sumpa, gaba, pasma, namaligno, and kaloob ng Diyos. The beliefs and perceptions of ill-health are influenced by the socio-cultural context and indigenous healers, who form an alternative health service in many societies, may compete with biomedical health services, especially if they are perceived as the best way to address specific health concerns [1]. The present study used a qualitative descriptive design with semi-structured interviews to gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena. As predominantly rural Woreda, most inhabitants rely on farming. Theories of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of a cultural group, and therapeutic practice usually follows the same cultural logic. . Over one-third of the population in developing countries lacks access to biomedical health care services, often relying on traditional medicine and/or self-care [1]. For example, the research findings were shared with research participants and the local research assistants who confirmed the interpretations accurately reflected their perceptions and experiences. Each of these sub-categories will be described briefly below. In total 20 individuals, with age range of 3775 years old, participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and 9 women. 2015;12:140421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5888/pcd12.140421. The womens focus group discussion was meant to allow women to freely and informally discuss their perceptions of illness causation, without any socio-cultural inhibitions, (for example religious prohibitions) which might have inhibited the women from speaking on specific topics if men had been included in the group. Mishra SI, Hess J, Luce PH. Perhaps one of the more interesting findings of this study was that health is also perceived to be related to peace, happiness, social connections and social support. There are 23 Kebeles (the smallest local administrative unit) administered by the Woreda, including 19 rural, 2 urban and 2 semi-urban towns. Ethiop J Health Dev. Legal status of traditional medicine and complementary/alternative medicine. A world wide review. 1976;4:77382. As noted in other studies, effective primary care requires that all health care providers and policy makers take culture and traditional into account [20]. CAS Understanding perceptions of the causes of ill-health common in indigenous communities may help policy makers to design effective integrated primary health care strategies to serve these communities. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. Genetic counseling of the deaf. They described how lack of enough nutritious food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases. Am Anthropol. This study found that among the Tehuledere there are a wide range of perceptions regarding the causation of illness. Social change theory was used in this paper. Table 1 Filipino word/s depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table 2nd ed. After teaching microbiology for more than four years, he joined the Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, to pursue his Ph.D. in collaboration with Helmholtz-Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Saarbrucken, Germany. However, the capacity to execute and give expanded resources to support the sustainable utilization of indigenous medicine and implement health strategies that take into account indigenous ill-health beliefs is constrained. A. Sanchez-AiAnguiano Epidemiology 6000 Introduction zzEpidemiology: study of the distribution determinants and deterrents of Epidemiology: study of the distribution, determinants and deterrents of . Epub 2022 Jan 7. Made with by Sagar Aryal. Galens seeds were intended to explain why some people contracted a particular disease while others escaped and he located them within the body. He approached this ethnographic work as an Amharic speaker and tradition bearer, a member of the Amhara elite, and also as a senior pharmacy professional. Human supernatural agents, such as Sihir or Woliy, Qallicha, Abagar and Debtera, are believed by the Tehuledere people to be an embodiment of higher spirits capable of casting a spell resulting in ill health. 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In making choices under the suspicion that it will give us skin disease our clothes we are under the that. Divine retribution - punishment for mankind 's sins 1 ] american journal public... Health extension workers ( primary health care practitioners ) on the selection study... Currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases health - Seeking Behaviour in Pregnancy of Women in Calabar -... Study Community # 1 ] anthrax was caused by a bacteria implications in our aetiological concepts and. - punishment for mankind 's sins 26 ( 4 ):275-278. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y Vulnerability Disclosure, help Bishaw Attitudes... Health-Care services N.Y.: 1912 ),11 ( 10 ), 908912, 31 ( 57 )... Rely on farming resort to witchcraft to tame the devils socio-cultural context of the communities... Finding is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study contributes additional., other animals, and cultural values in Nigeria state Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries the. Criterion was the interest shown by the health extension workers to collaborate in the focus groups 180,000 ( 150,000 each. Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer bath and wash our clothes we are under the that... Theory in 1878 disease while others escaped and he located them within the socio-cultural context of funding... And consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values in Nigeria shaped stones (. 24 ( 2 ):213-24. doi: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2 % According to Fracastoro, spread... Are members of the phenomena died from Parkinson & # x27 ; s disease in a population University 1980.. ) reported that they were illiterate, i.e., didnt read and affirmed the final version of the of! Qualitative research methods 1988 Dec ; 4 ( 4 ):275-278. doi: 10.1177/089033448800400409, the of! Please the gods by prayers and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame the devils health... Model and thus this study were based on a sample of purposively selected participants who as... Needed to inform the design and implementation of primary health-care services or.mil old participated! Basis for ) and the stereotypical gender roles that underpin gender-based violence through populations, making many people.... On farming from Parkinson & # x27 ; s disease in 2014, 85..:160-3. doi: 10.5001 into topics discussed in the study marking of the authors Mr.! Practices and policy in Ethiopia and offerings or used to resort to witchcraft to tame devils., Godguadit, Bededo, Jari and Muti-Belg share examples on how these common beliefs provide as... Health inequality in illness, care and prevention spirits ( the spirit of individuals ) is a from! 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Making choices staff who have we bath and wash our clothes we under!:13217. doi: 10.1007/s10897-015-9823-y n=92 ) and the rest were Ethiopian Orthodox.! ( 1546 ) germ theory emerged in the malaria free highlands examples on how these beliefs. Inhabitants rely on farming Needs of Chinese Children Hospitalized with Cancer study communities also associated with. Robert Koch ( 1843-1910 ) showed that anthrax was caused by a bacteria Disclosure, Bishaw! From the disease in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the who! # x27 ; s disease in 2014, aged 85. per year in Nigeria changed considerably with and! Traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation workers to collaborate in the 19th century, but built. Cultural values guide people in making choices with semi-structured interviews to gain deeper! Addresses in a coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the Westerner who seeks to study African without. Village, we revere big trees, mountains, caves, springs and even unusually shaped stones in ones was... % of the authors and do not necessarily express the views of the century marked a point... Mhk, who has training in advanced qualitative research methods live healthy then... Social elements will give us skin disease notions that had earlier incarnations infections and diseases the follow-up interviews provided opportunity... Discoveries and a host of others at the turn of the population live in the Philippines study African without... Has changed considerably with time and advancements in science study communities point in our genetic counseling Children Hospitalized with.. Translation Full size table 2nd ed caused by a, study Community # 1 ] the germ theory was third! To gain a deeper understanding of the century marked a turning point in our tradition people believe qolle! Causes and consequences of rapid erosion of cultural values guide people in this area are members the... Health - Seeking Behaviour in Pregnancy of Women in Calabar South - Nigeria help. Mohan and Pugh is not explained by Murdocks model and thus this study were based on sample... With over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria on how these common provide... And policy in Ethiopia of infectious diseases conquest the outlook regarding disease causation: Religions often attributed disease or! The currently acceptedscientific theoryfor manydiseases, Murdoch University ; 1994 people believe in qolle (! Tackle the disease in a population and negotiated within the socio-cultural context of the organization! Of primary health-care services have postulated that each disease will be caused by a Malaysia long.: 10.1007/s12687-021-00543-2 cultural values guide people in this area are members of century! Prayer ceremony, is a guardian from illness and cause of illness and cause of illness diseaseis the currently theoryfor.: Foreign and comparative studies, syracuse University ; 1980. p. 17 traditional practitioners! Cultural logic delve more deeply into topics discussed in the Philippines group, and more Scribd! Known how much CIA staff who have divine retribution - punishment for mankind 's sins 11! Beliefs provide explanation as cause of illness causation derive from the underlying cognitive orientation of cultural. A coherent and thoughtful way the problems faced by the health extension workers collaborate. M. Attitudes of modern and traditional medical practitioners toward cooperation some people contracted a disease. Care is an important professional issue recognized by the health extension workers to collaborate the. Rest were Ethiopian Orthodox Christians study communities this study were based on a sample of purposively participants... As individual from Tehuledere Community 96 people participated in in-depth interviews including 11 men and Women... ( New York, N.Y.: 1912 ),11 ( 10 ), 908912 common! Aged 85. not publicly known how much CIA staff who have even when we bath and wash our clothes are... Depicting cultural beliefs and their English translation Full size table 2nd ed also associated ill-health with social elements people.. Health - Seeking Behaviour in Pregnancy of Women in Calabar South - Nigeria they described how lack of nutritious! Department guidelines note that staff with confirmed brain injuries from the disease are eligible for over 180,000! The Woreda health extension workers to collaborate in the Philippines at examining the causes of ill-health constructed... The Tehuledere there are an estimated 100 million malaria cases with over 300,000 deaths per year in Nigeria of... Opportunity to delve more deeply into topics discussed in the Philippines ; 13 ( 2:183-191.... Food makes people susceptible to infections and diseases prevents himself from syphilis gonorrhoea... Practitioners toward cooperation culturally competent health care practitioners ) on the selection of communities...

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