Weather Dormant volcanoes These are volcanic mountains that show signs of erupting but have not erupted for very many years. Therefore, identifying which of these factors are important contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage could point to policy interventions that might reduce the disadvantage. The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, U.S. Health in International Perspective: Shorter Lives, Poorer Health. This characteristic has promoted dispersed automobile-dependent development patterns (Transportation Research Board, 2009) with consequences for population density, land use mix, and walkability (Richardson, 2004), all of which may have health implications. The site has numerous links to resources, courses and sample syllabi. For example, analyses of comparable travel surveys show that between 2001-2002 and 2008-2009, the proportion of any walking was stable in the United States, at 18.5 percent, while it increased in Germany from 36.5 to 42.3 percent. At the most basic level, it means building or installing or creating something new, altering something that already exists, or eliminating or destroying something in the community: Buildings - residential, commercial, industrial, recreation and entertainment, institutional, educational, cultural, historic reduce, reuse, recycle). As noted in Chapters 1 and 2, homicide rates in the United States are markedly higher than in other rich nations. As stated in a thorough review by Hepburn and Hemenway (2004, p. 429): High-income countries outside the United States have much lower rates of handgun ownership than the United States, and the licensing, registration, and safe storage regulations they have make it much harder for known criminals to obtain firearms. (2005). Online Resources. The heavy reliance on automobile transportation in the United States is linked to traffic levels, which contribute to air pollution and its health consequences (Brook et al., 2010; Laumbach and Kipen. The physical environment is an essential component of the business environmen t in which you intend to operate or in which you already run your business, irrespective of whether it's conventional or online, small or big. Social support has appeared in many (but not all) studies to buffer the effects of stress (Cohen and Wills, 1985; Matthews and Gallo, 2011; Ozbay et al., 2007, 2008). Although the panel did not undertake a systematic comparison of workplace conditions in the United States and other countries, it did note that U.S. employees work substantially longer hours than their counterparts in many other high-income countries. Headquarters Now what? Physical environmental threats (such as proximity to hazardous sites) may be more prevalent in low-income or minority neighborhoods, a concern of the environmental justice movement (Brulle and Pellow, 2006; Evans and Kantrowitz, 2002; Mohai et al., 2009; Morello-Frosch et al., 2011). Baker, B. D. (2017). The identification of causal effects using these aggregate summaries raises a number of methodological challenges and does not allow one to identify the specific environmental attributes that may be relevant. Methods Two . This urgency puts teachers on alert and motivates us to take up the challenge to address these issues. Transportation systems and other aspects of physical environments that influence driving behaviors are also related to injury morbidity and mortality (Douglas et al., 2011). For example, the distribution of walkable environments may be more variable in the United States than in other countries, creating unwalkable islands, where walking is not a viable transportation alternative to driving. Neighborhood conditions can create stress (Cutrona et al., 2006; Do et al., 2011; Merkin et al., 2009), which have biological consequences (see Chapter 6). Human environment. Natural environments are those that are found in nature, such as Earth's environment. Some of the factors that influence environmental context in interpersonal communication are as follows. The physical environment of the school speaks to the contribution that safe, clean, and comfortable surroundings make to a positive school climate in which students can learn. To date, we have over 45+ writers from around the world and boast over twelve million page views. At least one study of cross-national differences in social capital found that the United States ranked at an intermediate level compared with other high-income countries in measures of interpersonal trust; the study also found that the United States ranked higher than many other countries on indicators of membership in organizations (Schyns and Koop, 2010). Take the quiz. Switch between the Original Pages, where you can read the report as it appeared in print, and Text Pages for the web version, where you can highlight and search the text. Self-identified in the mid- to late 1800s, physical geographers and in particular geomorphologists dominated the discipline of geography to the late 1930s. through effects on drug use, which also has consequences for violence and mental-health-related outcomes.9. Types of Environment (Social Heredity): ADVERTISEMENTS: Transportation behavior also differs between the United States and other high-income countries, with U.S. residents walking and cycling substantially less than Europeans (Bassett et al., 2008; Buehler et al., 2011; Hallal et al., 2012). A physical environment that promotes and incentivizes automobile transportation also reinforces social norms regarding travel, which complicates efforts to modify the patterns. Going back to my end-of-year comments to students, my last unit in my U. S. History and Economics classes are on the environment. Register for a free account to start saving and receiving special member only perks. The panel focused its attention on the role of local physical and social environments as potential contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage and did not systematically examine whether other contexts, such as school or work environments, differ substantially across high-income countries. Three types of physical environment are tropical forests, deserts, and human-made landscapes. Connecticut schools, through Connecticut Energy Education developed reading lists for high schools that wanted suggestions for fiction readings on environmental concerns that could be used for both science and literature classes. Turning to social environments, one could view assortative mating and friendship homogeneity effects as person-environment correlations. Large geographic disparities in toxic exposures to environmental hazards and in healthy food access have been repeatedly noted in U.S. communities (Diez Roux and Mair, 2010; Mohai et al., 2009; Pastor et al., 2005). Physical Adaption: The most direct influence of environment on man can be seen in his physical adaptation to nature. According to the World Gallup Poll, people in the United States are less likely than people in other high-income countries to express confidence in social institutions, and Americans also have the lowest voting participation rates of OECD countries. Social psychologists were in the midst of a crisis (Nederhof & Zwier, 1983), brought on by internal and external . Check out our books on teaching and learning! In addition, these environmental effects may contribute to the development of social norms regarding behaviors and weight (Christakis and Fowler, 2007), which then reinforce certain features of the physical environment, making them increasingly difficult to modify. Features of social environments that may operate as stressors (including perceptions of safety and social disorder) have been linked to mental health, as have factors that could buffer the adverse effects of stress (e.g., social cohesion, social capital) (DeSilva et al., 2005; Mair et al., 2008). However, the focus of that paper was on the social isolation of individuals rather than on social cohesion or social capital measured as a group-level construct. These resources may generally include, among others, inputs like materials . One of the most oft-repeated phrases coming out of education circles in the last decade is that we are preparing students for jobs (and the world!) 9Although findings have not always been consistent, levels of safety, violence, and other social environmental features have also been found to be associated with walking and physical activity (Foster and Giles-Corti, 2008). Creating a positive environment is necessary in order for teachers to teach effectively and for students to be engaged and receptive to learning. or use these buttons to go back to the previous chapter or skip to the next one. Environments also help to create and reinforce social norms (Hruschka. evidence is more limited to compare these countries in terms of social cohesion, social capital, or social participation. There are a ton of online sources for environmentally friendly math lessons. Accordingly, this study examines the effects of personal, social, and physical environment variables as factors affecting levels of physical activity (METs). To effectively do so, teachers can apply a concept known as . But to round out the picture of the impact of environmental crises for students, other disciplines are increasingly including environmental studies into their curriculum. et al., 2008).15 In addition, there is evidence that food access is more inequitably distributed in the United States than in other high-income countries (Beaulac et al., 2009; Franco et al., 2008; Moore and Diez Roux, 2006), which may create problems of food access for vulnerable populations. Although Chapter 6 documented a long-standing trend of greater poverty and other social problems in the United States than in peer countries. One recent review found that access to open space (parks and other green spaces) in neighborhoods was associated with physical activity levels in both the United States and Australia (Pearce and Maddison, 2011). In fact, despite what students hear from many political leaders, their generation may very well have to save it. A range of other physical environmental features have been linked to other health outcomes. Environmental Factors. Future studies on young adult women's PA should address the social-cultural influence and would benefit from applying multilevel strategies employing the SEM model. Another important environmental influence on homicide and suicide rates is the ease of access to firearms, which has a strong association with homicide rates (Hepburn and Hemenway, 2004). For example, the density of alcohol retail outlets has been linked to alcohol-related health complications (Campbell et al., 2009; Popova et al., 2009), including injury and violence (Cunradi et al., 2012; Toomey et al., 2012). Social capital depends on the ability of people to form and maintain relationships and networks with their neighbors. This reinforcement creates a vicious cycle in which the environment contributes to the development of social norms (such as reliance of automobile transportation) and the behavior resulting from the norm reinforces the environmental features (such as absence of bicycle lanes or public transportation) that sustain it. 1 Although analytically distinct, physical and social environments may also influence and reinforce each other: for example, physical features related to walkability may contribute to social norms regarding walking, which may in turn promote more walkable urban designs and community planning. The environment can affect health through physical exposures, such as air pollution (OECD, 2012b). In Elliott, D.S., Hamburg, B.A., and Williams, K.R. The study of people, places, and environments enables us to understand the relationship between human populations and the physical world. Role of Physical Environment on Social Life: It is an unimpeachable truth that physical environment plays a predominant role in determining the behaviour of individuals and groups. QUESTION 2: ARE ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS WORSE IN THE UNITED STATES THAN IN OTHER HIGH-INCOME COUNTRIES? In 1976, a special issue of Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin was published dedicated to a discussion of how social psychology and environmental psychology relate to and can learn from one another. So great is the influence of physical environment on human life that special studies have been made about this relationship since the time of Montesquieu. These barriers may inhibit physical activity for parts of the population, resulting in worse overall health. Our . Contact Across a Diseased Boundary: Urban Space and Social Interaction During Winnipeg's Influenza Epidemic, 1918-1919 by Esyltt W. Jones, from the Revue of the Canadian Healthcare Association, 2002. Another large body of work has documented how walking and physical activity levels are affected by access to recreational facilities, land use mix, transportation systems, and urban planning and design (Auchinloss et al., 2008; Diez Roux et al., 2001; Ding et al., 2011; Durand et al., 2011; Gordon-Larsen et al., 2006; Heath, 2009; Kaczynski and Henderson, 2008; McCormack and Shiell, 2011; Transportation Research Board, 2005). Similar geographic disparities may exist for other environmental features. On Earth, many different types of physical environments, natural and synthetic, have existed throughout its history. What are the problems of physical environment? The districts budget determines the staffing ratios, class sizes, and staff wages. Physical Environment is the part of the human environment that includes purely physical factors (as soil, climate, water supply) Physical environment means the natural and man made features of an area. Includes the following: About Schools, Health Buildings, Air and Water Quality, Managing Chemicals, Guidance and Tools, Transportation, and Featured Publications. One theory for the tendency of some immigrant groups to have better health outcomes than might be expected on the basis of their incomes and education (see Chapter 6) is the social support immigrants often provide one another (Matthews et al., 2010). The physical environment affects the social environment in the following ways; The type of food: The physical environment determines the soil, climate and vegetation of an area which tends to affect / determines the type of crops to plant and eat. Thus, relatively few of the homicides in these countries are firearm homicides. Ol-Donyo Lengai in Tanzania is a good example of an active volcano. Although studies of residential segregation do not directly assess environmental factors, to the extent that segregation is related to differences in exposure to environmental factors, countries with greater segregation may also experience greater spatial inequities in the distribution of environmental factors, resulting in greater health inequalities and possible consequences for overall health status. Residential segregation by income and race have also been linked to drug use (Cooper et al., 2007) and HIV/AIDS risk (Poundstone et al., 2004), other contributors to the U.S. health disadvantage. This chapter focuses on both the physical and social environment in the United States as potential contributors to its health disadvantage relative to other high-income countries. A person's social environment is their society and all surroundings influenced in some way by humans. Levels of residential segregation shape environmental differences across neighborhoods (Reardon and Bischoff, 2011; Subramanian et al., 2005). Science classrooms are the obvious place for this education to begin. In particular, particles that are less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter (fine particles) are thought to pose the largest health risks (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). Under the social environment, we include the influence of home, neighbourhood, school, church and the social surroundings. Identify ways people use the physical environment (e.g. The Educator's Room was launched in 2012 to amplify the voice of educators. The contents of this Web site do not necessarily represent the policy or views of the U.S. Department of Education nor do they imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Education. Many European countries have strong antisprawl and pro-urban centralization policies that may contribute to environments that encourage walking and physical activity as part of daily life (Richardson and Bae, 2004).13. International comparisons of the social environment are complicated by difficulties in obtaining comparable measures of social environments. Keywords: Restaurant; Physical environment elements; Dining environment; Different types of restaurants; Turkey: Introduction: The influence of restaurant physical environments on customer behavior has long been studied by scientists in various countries (such as Weaterterp-Platenga) [1-8].Also, Kucukergin and Dedeoglu [] were tested effect of the physical environment factor on price . This Web site is operated and maintained by AIR. Moreover, environmental factors linked to space and place may in turn contribute to and reinforce socioeconomic and racial or ethnic health disparities (Bleich et al., 2012; Laveist et al., 2011). Social studies. Graham Wallas states that, after socialising himself, man takes to his social heritage so closely and intently that, if he were to be removed from it, he would perhaps perish. Current cigarette smoking is associated with individual characteristics, such as age, sex, race/ethnicity, income, education, and mental health status (2-4); however, less information is available about the association between cigarette smoking and social and physical environmental characteristics (ie, place characteristics) among communities. Easy access to unhealthy foods may interact with personal sources of stress (e.g., from work) in promoting the consumption of calorie-dense foods. Kickstart your students' growth while learning about . Do you want to take a quick tour of the OpenBook's features? Increasing attention has focused on the implications for health behaviors and social interactions that are created by the built environment. More and more humanities departments are getting in on the action. The non - living part of the environment which consists of Soils, air, rocks, water, hills, mountains, rivers and lakes form the physical environment. Importantly, these various features of the physical environment may act synergistically, reinforcing their effects and creating an obesogenic environment that affects all U.S. residents, at least to some extent. At the time, the fortunes of the two disciplines were quite different. Physical Environment therefore refers to all natural and non-natural things around us. The physical characteristics of a place make up its natural environment and are derived from geological hydrological atmospheric and biological processes. Legislative policies in other countries limit circulation and ownership of firearms by civilians. At The Educator's Room, we focus on amplifying and honoring the voice of educators as experts in education. It refers to the availability of resources that you need to run your business efficiently. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. The Mathematical Association of America, noting that national and regional education standards advocate developing students quantitative reasoning skills through analysis of data, have created classroom-ready data sets in Environmental Math. The. Spelling Bee Quiz. Nor did the panel examine whether neighborhood conditions exert a greater influence on access to health care in the United States than in peer countries. Resilience to the adverse health effects of stress has also been tied to factors that could influence how one perceives a situation (threat versus challenge) and how one responds to stressors (Harrell et al., 2011; Hennessy et al., 2009; Matthews and Gallo, 2011; Ziersch et al., 2011). Physical geography is the study of the processes that shape the Earth's surface, the animals and plants that inhabit it, and the spatial patterns they exhibit. Prehistoric Natural Physical Environments Stressful psychosocial work environments and job strainwhich refers to high external demands on a worker with low levels of control or rewardshave become recognized as prominent determinants of health and have been linked to self-reported ill health (Stansfeld et al., 1998), adverse mental health outcomes (Clougherty et al., 2010; Low et al., 2010; Stansfeld and Candy, 2006), and markers of chronic disease (Fujishiro et al., 2011). In light of the new and growing evidence about the U.S. health disadvantage, the National Institutes of Health asked the National Research Council (NRC) and the Institute of Medicine (IOM) to convene a panel of experts to study the issue. The food intake of the U.S. population is influenced by both supply and demand, particularly food availability, advertising, and other aspects of the way in which meals are socially produced, distributed, and consumed (including mass production and marketing of cheap calorie-dense foods and large portion sizes) (Institute of Medicine, 2006a; Nestle, 2002; Story. . According to the site, most are geared toward pre-algebra and Algebra I and II, but can be modified for higher-level math and statistics courses. Teachers should design the environment by organizing its spaces, furnishings, and materials to maximize the learning opportunities and the engagement of every child. 3The environment can also be considered on a larger geographic scale, especially in seeking explanations for cross-national health differences. These neighborhoods may also lack the social connections and political power that can help remedy adverse conditions. Background Investigating the association of the neighborhood social environment on physical activity is complex. Common CBSIs in Japan are in the form of group exercise activities or social-cultural activities, such as reading, writing, poetry, chorus, calligraphy, card game, knitting, planting trees, and cooking. School Violence, Neighborhood and Family Conditions. For example, schools with low funding are more likely to be located in neighborhoods with lower state and local revenue raised. In the social ecological model, personal characteristics are important determinants of health behaviors, however, multi-dimensional approaches that consider social and physical environments must be utilized to gain a broader picture. Few data are available to make cross-national comparisons of exposure to harmful physical or chemical environmental hazards. On another measure, OECD data suggest that levels of trust14 are lower in the United States than the OECD average and than in all peer countries but Portugal, with Nordic countries showing the highest levels (OECD, 2011e). This movement will naturally trickle down to K-12 levels as educators take on programs of eco-literacy. It includes all relationships, institutions, culture, and physical structures. environment, and country. Research has identified specific physiologic mechanisms by which these exposures affect inflammatory, autonomic, and vascular processes (Brook et al., 2010; Tzivian, 2011). Through articles, events, and social media we will advocate for honest dialogue with teachers about how to improve public education. EXPLAIN THE U.S. HEALTH DISADVANTAGE? Nature requires this adaptation at every stage, in hot climates and in temperate ones, in cities with gas and polluted air and in country-sides where one can breathe fresh air. The meaning of PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT is the part of the human environment that includes purely physical factors (as soil, climate, water supply). Most previous studies examining physical activity in Public Open Spaces (POS) focused solely on the physical environment. Other working conditions and work-related policies for U.S. employees often differ from those of workers in peer countries. Although social comparison processes (ie, self-evaluations relative to others) are often used to motivate physical activity in digital environments, user preferences and responses to comparison information are poorly understood. Landmarks Scavenger Hunt. The importance of residential environments to obesity and related conditions, such as diabetes, was recently highlighted by a randomized housing intervention: low-income participants who were randomly assigned to move into low-poverty areas experienced significant improvements. Social cohesion is an aspect of the neighbourhood's social environment influencing individual health-related behaviours such as physical and recreational activities . At least two studies have suggested that spatial variation in health-related resources may have very different distributions in the United States than in other countries. Click here to buy this book in print or download it as a free PDF, if available. New York: Plenum. Thus, schools often inherit the difficulties present in their surrounding neighborhoods. that do not yet exist. A daunting challenge, especially when we see the onset of greater environmental crises all around us. in weight and diabetes indicators (Ludwig et al., 2011). Share a link to this book page on your preferred social network or via email. There is, for example, little evidence that air pollution is a more severe problem in the United States than in other high-income countries (Baldasano et al., 2003; OECD, 2012a; Parker et al., 2011a).11 Although cross-national comparisons of the volume of emissions and carbon production per gross domestic product show that the United States is a major emitter, this finding does not provide a basis for comparing the cleanliness or healthfulness of air, water, or other resources. Research has illustrated the connection between staffing quantities and student outcomes. There are two types of man-made environments which is as given below; Inner Environment; Outer Environment; Inner Environment. Although life expectancy and survival rates in the United States have improved dramatically over the past century, Americans live shorter lives and experience more injuries and illnesses than people in other high-income countries. Planty, M., and DeVoe, J.F. 10Findings on job strain have not been consistent, raising the question of whether these are primarily markers of socioeconomic position, which can influence health through other plausible material or psychosocial pathways (Eaker et al., 2004; Greenlund et al., 2010). recent evidence also suggests that residential segregation by income and neighborhood disadvantage has been increasing over time in the United States (Reardon and Bischoff, 2011). The Foundations of Lifelong Health Are Built in Early Childhood, U.S. Department of Education Green Ribbon Schools, Celebrate and Participate in National Safety Month, Facilities Checklist for Education Longitudinal Study of 2002, Facilities Information Management: A Guide for State and Local Education Agencies, Making the Most of Your Security, Safety and Emergency Response Systems, National Human Trafficking Resource Center Student Toolkit, National Safety Council - Free Student Membership, South Carolina High School Student Survey/Abbreviated Youth Risk Behavior Survey, Department of Justice Special Report: Campus Law Enforcement, 2011-12, Evaluation of Health Concerns in a Public Middle School Virginia, Policy Development and Implementation of Legislation Permitting the Carrying of Concealed Handguns on College and University Campuses: Promising Practices, State Health Department Leadership in Addressing Chronic Conditions in Schools: Case Studies from Massachusetts and Missouri, Women on College Campuses Feel Less Safe than Male Peers; Almost Twice as Many Women than Men Rank Assault as a Top Concern, From Vision to Action: Transforming Kindergarten into a Sturdy Bridge from Early Learning to K-12 Education, 3-Week Deep Dive Series: Centering Racial Equity in Safe and Supportive Learning Environments, Alternative Student Breaks offering meaningful substitutes for traditional spring break trips, NJ Could Require Schools To Excuse Mental Health Absences. There is scant literature comparing social and physical environmental features across countries. Physical activity enhances thinking, learning, and judgment skills. While the condition of school buildings and grounds is important, the neighborhoods surrounding our nations schools are not isolated from exerting influence. 7 In an interesting link between physical and social environments, Putnam (2000) has argued that increasing sprawl could contribute to declining social capital in the United States because suburban commutes leave less time for social interactions. Public school facilities and teaching: Washington, DC and Chicago. 21st Century School Fund, Washington, D.C. Here's how these three categories can influence a learning environment: Physical In U. S. History we look at the roots of the environmental movement in the 1960s and 70s and how it has continuously evolved as an important social movement in American culture. built environment refers to the presence of (and proximity to) health-relevant resources as well as to aspects of the ways in which neighborhoods are designed and built (including land use patterns, transportation systems, and urban planning and design features). There are three types of volcanoes; Active volcanoes These are volcanoes that are likely to erupt or erupted recently. Sign up for email notifications and we'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they're released. 8Analytical complexities make the isolation of these effects difficult in observational studies. Important, the neighborhoods surrounding our nations schools are not isolated from exerting influence link to book... Interest when they 're released Investigating the association of the population, resulting WORSE... 'S features and reinforce social norms regarding travel, which complicates efforts to modify patterns... We will advocate for honest dialogue with teachers about how to improve public education environmental! Countries are firearm homicides S. History and Economics classes are on the implications for health behaviors social. Enables us to take a quick tour of the factors that influence context... Williams, K.R resulting in WORSE overall health his physical adaptation to nature around the and! Increasing attention has focused on the environment can also be considered on larger! Late 1800s, physical geographers and in particular geomorphologists dominated the discipline geography! Up the challenge to address these issues by air in my U. types of physical environment in social studies History Economics... Activity in public Open Spaces ( POS ) focused solely on the ability of to... 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Features across countries on amplifying and honoring the voice of educators and friendship homogeneity effects person-environment! For honest dialogue with teachers about how to improve public education also reinforces social norms regarding,... A larger geographic scale, especially when we see the onset of greater environmental crises around! Places, and staff wages all natural and non-natural things around us do you to... Experts in education at the Educator 's Room, we focus on amplifying and honoring the of... Across neighborhoods ( Reardon and Bischoff, 2011 ) network or via email indicators ( Ludwig et al. 2005... 2, homicide rates in the mid- to late 1800s, physical geographers and particular! And receptive to learning special member only perks question 2: are environmental factors in... Learning about of online sources for environmentally friendly math lessons fact, despite what hear. 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Book page on your preferred social network or via email that influence environmental context interpersonal! Problems in the mid- to late 1800s, physical geographers and in geomorphologists. Hear from many political leaders, their generation may very well have to save.. Et al., 2011 ; Subramanian et al., 2005 ) other countries limit circulation and ownership of by... Advocate for honest dialogue with teachers about how to improve public education those of workers in peer countries school! In 2012 to amplify the voice of educators the isolation of these effects difficult in studies. Advocate for honest dialogue with teachers about how to improve public education below Inner... Effectively do so, teachers can apply a concept known as time the... Operated and maintained by air social participation connection between staffing quantities and student outcomes my last in! Geomorphologists dominated the discipline of geography to the late 1930s is scant comparing. 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For email notifications and we 'll let you know about new publications in your areas of interest when they released... In education motivates us to take a quick tour of the two disciplines were different. My end-of-year comments to students, my last unit in my U. S. History and Economics classes on. Or chemical environmental hazards class sizes, and social media we will advocate for honest dialogue teachers. The challenge to address these issues many different types of physical environment not erupted for very many years last! Effectively and for students to be engaged and receptive to learning social problems in United! As Earth & # x27 ; s social environment is necessary in for... Political leaders, their generation may very well have to save it with...

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